[book] Organic and Inorganic Light Emitting Diodes

Organic and Inorganic Light Emitting Diodes
Reliability Issues and Performance Enhancement

Edited By T.D. Subash, J. Ajayan, W. Grabinski

ISBN 9781032375175 1st Edition (C) 2023
198 Pages 106 B/W Illustrations
Published June 19, 2023 by CRC Press

Description

This book covers a comprehensive range of topics on the physical mechanisms of LEDs (light emitting diodes), scattering effects, challenges in fabrication and efficient enhancement techniques in organic and inorganic LEDs. It deals with various reliability issues in organic/inorganic LEDs like trapping and scattering effects, packaging failures, efficiency droops, irradiation effects, thermal degradation mechanisms, and thermal degradation processes.

Chapter 1: Fundamental Physics of Light Emitting Diodes: Organic

and Inorganic Technology; Deboraj Muchahary, Sagar Bhattarai, Arvind Sharma and Ajay Kumar Mahato

Chapter 2: Physical Mechanisms That Limit the Reliability of LEDs; Tulasi Radhika Patnala, N. Hemalatha, Sankararao Majji and M. Sundar Rajan

Chapter 3: Scattering Effects on the Optical Performance of LEDs; Vinodhini Subramaniyam, B. A. Saravanan and Moorthi Pichumani

Chapter 4: Challenges in Fabrication and Packaging of LEDs; Nesa Majidzadeh and Hossein Movla

Chapter 5: Opportunities and Challenges in Flexible and Organic LED; Shalu C.

Chapter 6: Light Extraction Efficiency Improvement Techniques in Light-Emitting Diodes; M. Manikandan, G. Dhivyasri, D. Nirmal, Joseph Anthony Prathap and Binola K. Jebalin I. V.

Chapter 7: Efficiency Enhancement Techniques in Flexible and Organic Light-Emitting Diodes; J. Ajayan and T. D. Subash

Chapter 8: Performance Enhancement of Light Emitting Radiating Dipoles (LERDs) Using Surface Plasmon-Coupled and Photonic Crystal-Coupled Emission Platforms; Seemesh Bhaskar and Sai Sathish Ramamurthy

[paper] MEMS Sensors Reliability

M. Hommel^a, H. Knab^a, S. Galal Yousef^b

Reliability of automotive and consumer MEMS sensors - An overview

Microelectronics Reliability (114252) online Oct. 11, 2021

DOI: 10.1016/j.microrel.2021.114252

a Robert-Bosch-GmbH, Automotive Electronics, Tübinger Str. 123, 72762 Reutlingen, Germany
b Bosch Sensortec GmbH, Gerhard-Kindler-Str. 9, 72770 Reutlingen, Germany

Abstract: In our daily life, sensors play more and a more important role. They take over many functions in the automotive world as well as in consumer products with an increasing dissemination of the internet of things. In addition, they offer a broad variety of new applications. Sensors are typically build up in a package including a sensing element (e.g. micromechanical structures in acceleration sensors or membranes in gas sensors, etc.) and a microelectronic chip to evaluate the sensor data. This article will give an overview, how the reliability of such a system is validated. The challenges for reliability in terms of requirements and qualification for automotive and consumer applications will be discussed. The complex structure of a sensor module in combination with a broad variety of materials implies many possible failure mechanisms, which have to be considered. Some relevant sensor failure mechanisms caused by mechanical shock, thermo-mechanical stress and the influence of humidity on sensor reliability will be shown. The challenges for describing the influence of humidity on the sensor lifetime by an acceleration model will be discussed in detail. Finally, the paper will give an outlook for the reliability challenges of future sensor applications.

Fig: Loads on a MEMS sensor module.

[paper] Abstraction NBTI model

Stephan Adolf and Wolfgang Nebel

Abstraction NBTI model

it - Information Technology, Sep. 2021

DOI: 10.1515/itit-2021-0005

Abstract: Negative Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI) is one of the major transistor aging effects, possibly leading to timing failures during run-time of a system. Thus, one is interested in predicting this effect during design time. In this work, an Abstraction NBTI model is introduced reducing the state space of trap-based NBTI models using two abstraction parameters, applying a state transformation to incorporate variable stress conditions. This transformation is faster than traditional approaches. Currently, the conversion into estimated threshold voltage damages is a very time-consuming process.

Fig: Trap in the gate oxide of a PMOS transistor

Acknowledgement: The author thanks Kim Grüttner for proofreading the manuscript of the paper. This research is funded by the German Research Foundation through the Research Training Group “SCARE: System Correctness under Adverse Conditions” (DFG-GRK 1765/2), https://www.uni-oldenburg.de/en/scare/. The simulations were partly performed on the HPC Cluster CARL at the University of Oldenburg (Germany), funded by the DFG through its Major Research Instrumentation Program (INST 184/157-1 FUGG) and the Ministry of

Science and Culture (MWK) of the Lower Saxony State.

[paper] RTN and BTI statistical compact modeling

G.Pedreira^a, J.Martin-Martinez^a, P.Saraza-Canflanca^b, R.Castro Lopez^b, R.Rodriguez^a, E.Roca^b, F.V.Fernandez^b, M.Nafria^a 

Unified RTN and BTI statistical compact modeling from a defect-centric perspective

Solid-State Electronics

Available online 25 June 2021, 108112

In Press, Journal Pre-proof

DOI: 10.1016/j.sse.2021.108112

a Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Electronic Engineering Department, REDEC group. Barcelona, Spain
b Instituto de Microelectrónica de Sevilla, IMSE-CNM, CSIC and Universidad de Sevilla, Spain

Abstract: In nowadays, deeply scaled CMOS technologies, time-dependent variability effects have become important concerns for analog and digital circuit design. Transistor parameter shifts caused by Bias Temperature Instability and Random Telegraph Noise phenomena can lead to deviations of the circuit performance or even to its fatal failure. In this scenario extensive and accurate device characterization under several test conditions has become an unavoidable step towards trustworthy implementing the stochastic reliability models. In this paper, the statistical distributions of threshold voltage shifts in nanometric CMOS transistors will be studied at near threshold, nominal and accelerated aging conditions. Statistical modelling of RTN and BTI combined effects covering the full voltage range is presented. 

The results of this work suppose a complete modelling approach of BTI and RTN that can be applied in a wide range of voltages for reliability predictions.

[papers] Aging and Device Reliability Compact Modeling

IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium

(IRPS 2021)

[1] N. Chatterjee, J. Ortega, I. Meric, P. Xiao and I. Tsameret, "Machine Learning On Transistor Aging Data: Test Time Reduction and Modeling for Novel Devices," 2021 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS), 2021, pp. 1-9, doi: 10.1109/IRPS46558.2021.9405188.

Abstract: Accurately modeling the I-V characteristics and current degradation for transistors is central to predicting circuit end-of-life behavior. In this work, we propose a machine learning model to accurately model current degradation at various stress conditions and extend that to make nominal use-bias predictions. The model can be extended to track and predict any parametric change. We show an excellent agreement of the model with experimental results. Furthermore, we use a deep neural network to model the I-V characteristics of aged transistors over a wide drain and gate playback bias range and show an excellent agreement with experimental results. We show that the model is reliably able to interpolate and extrapolate demonstrating that it learns the underlying functional form of the data.

URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9405188&isnumber=9405088

[2] P. B. Vyas et al., "Reliability-Conscious MOSFET Compact Modeling with Focus on the Defect-Screening Effect of Hot-Carrier Injection," 2021 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS), 2021, pp. 1-4, doi: 10.1109/IRPS46558.2021.9405197.

Abstract: Accurate prediction of device aging plays a vital role in the circuit design of advanced-node CMOS technologies. In particular, hot-carrier induced aging is so complicated that its modeling is often significantly simplified, with focus limited to digital circuits. We present here a novel reliability-aware compact modeling method that can accurately capture the full post-stress I-V characteristics of the MOSFET, taking into account the impact of drain depletion region on induced defects.

URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9405197&isnumber=9405088

[3] Z. Wu et al., "Physics-based device aging modelling framework for accurate circuit reliability assessment," 2021 IEEE International Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS), 2021, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/IRPS46558.2021.9405106.

Abstract: An analytical device aging modelling framework, ranging from microscopic degradation physics up to the aged I-V characteristics, is demonstrated. We first expand our reliability oriented I-V compact model, now including temperature and body-bias effects; second, we propose an analytical solution for channel carrier profiling which-compared to our previous work-circumvents the need of TCAD aid; third, through Poisson's equation, we convert the extracted carrier density profile into channel lateral and oxide electric fields; fourth, we represent the device as an equivalent ballistic MOSFETs chain to enable channel “slicing” and propagate local degradation into the aged I-V characteristics, without requiring computationally-intensive self-consistent calculations. The local degradation in each channel “slice” is calculated with physics-based reliability models (2-state NMP, SVE/MVE). The demonstrated aging modelling framework is verified against TCAD and validated across a broad range of VG/VD/T stress conditions in a scaled finFET technology.

URL: https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=9405106&isnumber=9405088

[PhD] VLSI Interconnect Reliability

Shaoyi Peng

Modeling and Simulation Methods for VLSI Interconnect Reliability Focusing 

on Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown

PhD Dissertation in Electrical Engineering

University of California Riverside

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/966241xk (March 2021)

Abstract: Time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) is one of the important failure mechanisms for Copper (Cu) interconnects that are used in VLSI circuits. This reliability effect becomes more severe as the space between wires is shrinking and low-k dielectric materials (low electrical and mechanical strength) are used. There are many studies and theories focusing on the physics of it. However, there is limited research from the electronics design automation (EDA) perspective on this topic, aiming to evaluate, or alleviate it from the perspective of designing a VLSI chip. This thesis compiles several studies into evaluating TDDB on the circuit level, and engineering methods that help the evaluation. The first work extends the study of a published physics model on simplified yet practical cases. It simplifies the calculation of lifetime by deriving an analytic solution and applying fitting methods. The second study proposes a new way to evaluate lifetime of a chip by extending the models of simple interconnect structures to the complete chip. This method is more robust as it focuses more on a complete chip. However, heavy dependence of finite element method (FEM) makes the flow very slow. The third study adopts machine learning methods to accelerate this slow evaluation process. The proposed method is also applicable to other similar electrostatics applications. Last but not least, the fourth study focuses on a GPU based LU factorization algorithm, which, on a broader aspect, is a universal numerical algorithm used in many different simulation applications, which can be helpful to TDDB evaluations as it can be used in FEM.

Fig: Structure of two copper interconnect wires and the IMD in the cross-section SEM image after TDDB failure [sem]

REF: 

[sem] N. Suzumura, S. Yamamoto, D. Kodama, K. Makabe, J. Komori, E. Murakami, S. Maegawa, and K Kubota. A new TDDB degradation model based on Cu ion drift in Cu interconnect dielectrics. In IEEE Int. Reliability Physics Symposium (IRPS), pages 26–30, 2006.

[paper] Generalized EKV Charge-based MOSFET Model

A Generalized EKV Charge-based MOSFET Model Including Oxide and Interface Traps

Chun-Min Zhang^a,  Farzan Jazaeri^a,  Giulio Borghello^b,  Serena Mattiazzo^c,  Andrea Baschirotto^d

and Christian Enz^a

Solid-State Electronics

Available online 7 January 2021, 107951

Open Access under a Creative Commons License

DOI: 10.1016/j.sse.2020.107951

a Integrated Circuits Laboratory (ICLAB), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland

b Department of Experimental Physics, CERN, Geneva 1211, Switzerland

c Department of Information Engineering, INFN Padova and University of Padova, Padova 35131, Italy

d Microelectronic Group, INFN Milano-Bicocca and University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano 20126, Italy

Abstract: This paper presents a generalized charge-based EKV MOSFET model that includes the effects of trapped charges in the bulk oxide and at the silicon/oxide interface. It is shown that in the presence of oxide- and interface-trapped charges, the mobile charge density can still be linearized but with respect to both the surface potential and the channel voltage. This enables us to derive closed-form expressions for the mobile charge density and the drain current. These simple formulations demonstrate the effects of charge trapping on MOSFET characteristics and crucial device parameters. The proposed charge-based analytical model, including the effect of velocity saturation, is successfully validated through measurements performed on devices from a 28nm bulk CMOS technology. Ultrahigh total ionizing doses up to 1 Grad (SiO2) are applied to generate oxide-trapped charges and activate the passivated interface traps. Despite a small number of parameters, the model is capable of accurately capturing the measurement results over a wide range of device operation from weak to strong inversion. Explicit expressions of device parameters also allow for the extraction of the oxide- and interface-trapped charge density.

Fig: Energy band diagrams illustrating interface charge trapping in bulk n- (a) and pMOSFETs (b) in inversion. The quasi-Fermi level of the minority carriers, 𝐸𝐹𝑛 or 𝐸𝐹𝑝, is split from that of the majority carriers 𝐸𝐹 by the channel voltage 𝑉𝑐ℎ

Acknowledgements: The authors would like to thank the EP-ESE group at CERN, especially Dr. Federico Faccio, for the continuous support in radiation measurements and the interesting discussions about data analysis. This work was supported in part by the Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF) through the GigaradMOST project under grant number 200021_160185 and in part by the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) through the ScalTech28 Project.

[paper] Aged MOSFET and Its Compact Modeling

F. A. Herrera, M. Miura-Mattausch, T. Iizuka, H. Kikuchihara, H. J. Mattausch and H. Takatsuka, Universal Feature of Trap-Density Increase in Aged MOSFET and Its Compact Modeling

SISPAD, Kobe, Japan, 2020, pp. 109-112

DOI: 10.23919/SISPAD49475.2020.9241674

Abstract: Our investigation focuses on accurate circuit aging prediction for bulk MOSFETs. A self-consistent aging modeling is proposed, which considers the trap-density Ntrap increase as the aging origin. This Ntrap is considered in the Poisson equation together with other charges induced within MOSFET. It is demonstrated that a universal relationship of the Ntrap increase as a function of integrated substrate current, caused by device stress, can describe the MOSFET aging in a simple way for any device-operating conditions. An exponential increase with constant and unitary slope of the Ntrap is found to successfully predict the aging phenomena, reaching a saturation for high stress degradation. The model universality is verified additionally for any device size. Comparison with existing conventional aging modeling for circuit simulation is discussed for demonstrating the simplifications due to the developed modeling approach

Fig: Schematic of the density-of-state (DOS) model as a function of the state-energy difference from the conduction-band edge, with two parameters gc and Es introduced as new model features.

[paper] Analysis of aging effects - From transistor to system level

Analysis of aging effects - From transistor to system level

Maike Taddiken*, Nico Hellwege, Nils Heidmann, Dagmar Peters-Drolshagen, Steffen Paul

Institute of Electrodynamics and Microelectronics,
University of Bremen, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, Bremen 28359,Germany

ABSTRACT: Due to shrinking feature sizes in integrated circuits, additional reliability effects have to be considered which influence the functionality of the system. These effects can either result from the manufacturing process or external influences during the lifetime such as radiation and temperature. Additionally, modern technology nodes are affected by time-dependent degradation i.e. aging. Due to the age-dependent degradation of a circuit, processes on the atomic scale of the semiconductor material lead to charges in the oxide silicon interface of CMOS devices, altering the performance parameters of the device and subsequently the behavior of the circuit. With the continuous downscaling of modern semiconductor technologies, the impact of these atomic scale processes affecting the overall system characteristics becomes more and more critical. Therefore, aging effects need to be assessed during the design phase and actions have to be taken guaranteeing the correct system functionality throughout a system’s lifetime. This work presents methods to investigate the influence of age-dependent degradation as well as process variability on different levels. An operating-point dependent sizing methodology based on the gm/ID method extended to incorporate aging, which aims at developing aging-resistent circuits is presented. The basic idea of the gm/ID sizing method is the dependence of the operating point of a MOS transistor on the state of inversion in the channel, its strong relation to circuit performance and the possibility to calculate transistor dimensions.The inversion coefficient IC is a fundamental metric within the gm/ID method and numerically represents the inversion level of a MOS device formally described in the EKV MOS model. Additionally, the sensitivity of circuit performances in regard to aging can be determined. In order to investigate the reliability of a complex system on behavioral level, a modeling method to represent the performance of system components in dependence of aging and process variability is introduced. [read more...]

[Final Program] 11th International Workshop on Compact Modeling

11th International Workshop on Compact Modeling (IWCM 14)

January 23 (Thursday), 2014

Suntec Singapore Convention and Exhibition Centre (Room 309)

Workshop Program

9:00-9:10am Welcome address
Mansun Chan (workshop chair)

Session I: Modeling for Compact Semiconductor
Session Chair: Lining Zhang

9:10-9:35am Challenges and Prospects of Compact Modeling for Future Generation III-V/Si Co-integrated ULSI Circuit Design
Xing Zhou, Siau Ben Chiah, Binit Syamal, Hongtao Zhou, Arjun Ajaykumar, and Xu Liu; Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
9:35-10:00am A Large Signal Model for InP/InGaAs Double Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors
Yan Wang and Yuxia Shi; Tsinghua University, China
10:00-10:25am Analytical Modeling for AlGaN/GaN HEMTs
Aixi Zhang, Lining Zhang, Zhikai Tang, Xiaoxu Cheng*, Yan Wang*, Kevin J. Chen, and Mansun Chan; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; *Tsinghua University, China

10:25-10:40am Break

Session II: Non-Classical Device Modeling and Platform
Session Chair: Xing Zhou

10:40-11:05am Developing i-MOS as a Compact Model Standardization Platform
Lining Zhang and Mansun Chan; The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China
11:05-11:30am An Analytic Model for Nanowire Tunnel-FETs
Ying Liu, Jin He, Mansun Chan*, Caixia Du**, Yun Ye, Wei Zhao, Wen Wu and Wenping Wang; Peking University Shenzhen SOC Key Laboratory, China; *The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; **Shenzhen Huayue Teracale Chip Electronic Limited Co., China
11:30-11:55am A Channel Potential Based Model for SiO2- Core Si-Shell SRGMOSFET
Xiangyu Zhang, Jin He, Mansun Chan*, Caixia Du**, Yun Ye, Wei Zhao, Wen Wu and Wenping Wang; Peking University Shenzhen SOC Key Laboratory, China; *The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China; **Shenzhen Huayue Teracale Chip Electronic Limited Co., China

11:55am-2:00pm Lunch

Session III: Power Device Modeling
Session Chair: Young June Park

2:00-2:25pm Compact Modeling of the Reverse Recovery Effect in LDMOS Body Diode (Invited)
M. Miyake; Hiroshima University, Japan
2:25-2:50pm Compact Modeling of the SiC IGBT Including the Switching at High Temperature
K. Matsuura, M. Miura-Mattausch, M. Miyake and H. J. Mattausch; Hiroshima University, Japan
2:50-3:15pm Experimental Verification of Power MOSFET Model under Switching Operations
A. Saito, M. Miura-Mattausch, M. Miyake, T. Umeda and H.J. Mattausch; Hiroshima University, Japan

3:15-3:30pm Break

Session IV: Reliability Modeling
Session Chair: Jin He

3:30-3:55pm 3D Monte Carlo Reaction-Diffusion Simulation Framework to model Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown in BEOL Oxide
Seong Wook Choi and Young June Park; Seoul National University, Korea
3:55-4:20pm Development of NBTI and Channel Hot Carrier (CHC) Effect Models and their Application for Circuit Aging Simulation
Chenyue Ma, Hans Jürgen Mattausch, Kazuya Matsuzawa*, Seiichiro Yamaguchi*, Teruhiko Hoshida*, Masahiro Imade*, Risho Koh*, Takahiko Arakawa* and Mitiko Miura-Mattausch; Hiroshima University, Japan; * Semiconductor Technology Academic Research Center, Japan
4:20-4:45pm Modeling of the Surface Charges on Au Electrode Including Pseudocapacitance
Jooseong Kwon, Intae Jeong, Sungwook Choi and Young June Park; Seoul
National University, Korea

4:45-4:55pm Closing Remarks
Hans Juergen Mattausch (workshop co-chair)